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Effective use of Cross-cultural Communications in a Multicultural Setting Essaypilot

The ease of movement of people from one region to the next increases the level of diversity in the labor market. The management should adopt communication mechanisms that indicate sensitivity to diversity of the employees based on cultural and language differences. What does Global Mobilization Imply Topic : Effective use of cross-cultural communications in a multicultural setting Audience : Coworkers and managers Setting or environment of the speech : Workplace Opener: The rapid evolution of the workplace as characterized by the diversity of employees who have different cultural backgrounds and beliefs enhances the need for using cross-cultural communication approaches to increase synergies and increase the commitment of employees to an organization (Maude). The productivity of workers depends on the creation of an enabling environment that offers a supportive framework to the diverse employeespool. Principles that support cross-cultural communication mechanisms include the need for active listening, being open-minded, increase the personal touch, and the development of an understanding regarding the cultural backgrounds of employees (Maude). Thesis: The management team should adopt cross-cultural mechanisms that indicate sensitivity to the diversity of the employees based on cultural and language differences. 2Cultural contexts within the organization despite the common denominator of English as the official language highlights the need for understanding the impacts of cultural differences and designing appropriate communication mechanisms. Learning and teaching the staff members regarding the importance of culture will improve the ambience and synergies among employees. Developing awareness and understanding of cultural diversity Main Point 1: It is increasingly important to develop awareness and understanding of cultural diversity among members of the organization. Supporting points and information: The efficacy of cross-cultural communication depends on the development of an understanding regarding the cultural contexts present that make it important to establish the cultural backgrounds of the parties involved in a discussion. Therefore, the basic understanding of cultural diversity offers the first pillar to the realization of effective communication and outcomes (Wildman, Griffith, and Armon). The management team should structure training sessions regarding cultural diversity and the need for employees being accommodative of the beliefs and principles of their colleagues. 3Cross-cultural communication is supported by the cultivation and demand for mutual acceptance regarding personal and cultural differences. Communication should be structured to be accommodative and every individual should be aware of existing personal differences. Foster Mutual Acceptance Main Point 2: The management should foster and advocate for mutual acceptance underlining the need for respect.Supporting points and information: The different cultures and individuals from various backgrounds should receive equal treatment without traces of favoritism. Mutual acceptance seeks to deal with cases where people from one culture form the dominant group and would love to impose their beliefs on others. Hence, the practical solution dictates emphasis and the demand for mutual acceptance to ensure all cultural backgrounds are respected regardless of the number of employees affiliated to certain practices (Wildman, Griffith and Armon). Cross-cultural communication thrives because workers realize the need for accommodating cultural differences and respecting personal opinions. Training should be structured to support the culture of active listening. Active listening should start at the management level through the inclusion and accommodation of ideas from the employees Active Listening Main Point 3: Cross-cultural information succeeds in circumstances where active listening is promoted. Supporting points and information: Understanding how people communicate and comprehend messages passed through distinct communication mechanisms indicate the need for training employees and the management to practice active listening. Therefore, active listening stimulates the enhancement of cross-cultural communication among workers and managers from different backgrounds (Conflict Research Consortium). Training sessions should place emphasis on the need for acceptance and understanding the context of a colleagues cultural background through active listening and constant engagements. 5Messages and information passed should be kept as simple as possible. Cross-cultural communication should be unambiguous and with the desired clarity. Simplify communication and the messages Optional Main Point 4: The successes of cross-cultural communication depend on the simplicity of the messaging to ensure the information passed is absorbed as desired. Supporting points and information: Despite English being the common language used in the business environment, it is erroneous to use the presumption of everyone understanding various terms used in communication. Hence, the accommodation of diversity dictates the need for using precise and concise messages to pass information from one person to the next in an organization (Conflict Research Consortium). Therefore, cross-cultural communication should be premised on the tenets of simplicity, unambiguity, and clarity. Understanding and accommodating diversity requires the application of concrete training measures that ensure awareness is created across the organization. Workers and the management should take time to learn and understand the cultural backgrounds of their colleagues and how such differences contribute to the interpretation of messages. Conclusion Restating the thesis: Undoubtedly, the management team should adopt cross-cultural mechanisms that indicate sensitivity to the diversity of the employees based on cultural and language differences. Payoff and closing: The existence of differences across the organization enhance the need for everyone taking an active role in understanding the values and practices of their colleagues. Conflict Research Consortium Cross-Cultural Communication. Colorado.edu. N.p., 2017. Web. 19 Oct. 2017.Maude, Barry. Managing Cross-Cultural Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print.Wildman, Jessica L, Richard L Griffith, and Brigitte Armon. Critical Issues In Cross Cultural Management. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2016. Print.References 8

The Morality Of The Market System - 897 Words

Mark Cutler Ethics in Organizations ORGL4113 Northeastern State University Dr. E.A Chavez October 29, 2015 Chapter 3 discusses the morality of the market system as a whole. The chapter examines several key components. The chapter discusses how market systems are justified, and explains the strengths and weaknesses of the various systems currently in use. Two concepts are discussed one says that the business system should be planned; the other that it should be a free market system. Further the chapter discusses the various arguments for and against free markets and government regulation as well as the possibility of a hybrid mixed economy system. Introduction to Business Systems begins by discussing Globalization has connected nations together to move goods, services, capital and knowledge freely â€Å"Free Markets/Free Trade†. All goods and services have to have a system that society uses to provide the goods and services. To accomplish the objective of moving goods there must the three devices of types of societies. Tradition based societies are when communal based. Comma nd Economies are based on government decisions and finally market economies are where private companies make all decisions. Major arguments took place on whether economics systems should be based on commands or on markets and what roles government should play in deciding what are best. Free Markets became a big issue which basically says that individuals have the rightShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Limits of Market by Michael Sandel1063 Words   |  5 PagesCan’t Buy; The Moral Limits of Market by Michael Sandel argues the relationship between markets and our morality. His central concern is the influence of money on the sphere of life traditionally governed by nonmarket norms such as rights as a citizen, care for others, and civic duties. He demonstrated that market is responsible for destroying our sense of morality by placing monetary value to it. This paper will argue the relationship between market and morality through demonstrating the type ofRead MoreThe Problem Of A Fr ee Lunch1008 Words   |  5 Pagesthe impression that in the real world, perfect competition and efficiency are very common in the market, with few market failures, and government intervention in the economy is generally bad and leads to losses (2). In theory and for in-class examples this view of the economy is very straight-forward and makes teaching easier. However, in the real world; there is another side of the story. Free markets do have downsides and need some government regulation alongside being guided by morals. AmericansRead MoreThe Authoritative Allocation Of Values940 Words   |  4 Pagesas drugs. They can, â€Å"intervene in the market† so that one company cannot monopolize the market. Government’s purpose can also be to, â€Å"manage the business cycle of inflation† by implicating policies to businesses. By offering aid such as welfare, food benefits even financial aid for college the government’s purpose can also be, â€Å"to help the poor.† â€Å"Dealing with social cost and benefits† is another purpose government can have, they can intervene with market failure and keep and Major CorporationRead MoreGovernment Compensation For Organ Donation1371 Words   |  6 Pagesthe dangers associated with the black market and provide very few safe and legitimate opportunities that would discourage people from pursuing that avenue. Krauthammer in great detail elucidates, â€Å"In 2009 the FBI arrested a Brooklyn rabbi who authorities claim was bu ying kidneys from financially desperate Israelis for $10,000 and selling them in the United States for $160,000†. Some critics of organ donor compensation may suggest that eliminating the black market in America is impossible. These faultfindersRead MoreFeldman: Businesses as Social Agents742 Words   |  3 Pagesbottom-line. He believes that outsourcing, cost-cutting and downsizing activities geared towards the bottom-line forgets the impact of an active and extensive business enterprise to society - it employs, it enhances the market, in increases buying power. Current practices shrink the market and with lower employment, the buying power of society at large is impacted so that by tightening the purse strings, the likelihood of wealth creation is limited too. Once, Feldman (2012) descries that ethics, codesRead MoreSocial And Ecological Responsibility Of Business1528 Words   |  7 Pagesin Chinese society where confidential profit often trumps the community as the countr y races to create a market economy that has outstripped government regulators. 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Journal Personality And Social Psychology - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Personality And Social Psychology? Answer: Introducation Mindfulness is defined by many different authors but the common definition of mindfulness is the state of being aware of the present reality and living in the moment. Dane defined mindfulness as a state of consciousness in which attention is focused on present moment phenomena occurring both internally and externally. There are two approaches to define mindfulness construct, Eastern-This approach is a result of the general agreement among scholars that mindfulness is a state of consciousness that focuses on the present moment in a non-judgmental manner. Hence, the two key aspects of mindfulness here is the attention focus on the moment and the lack of evaluation due to which it is mandatory to accept the present. Western-This approach is an information-processing approach. The key aspect of mindfulness here is drawing novel distinctions. Hence, mindfulness can also be defined as a preferred way of thinking and acts as an interface between personality and cognition or it can be understood as a disposition providing an interface between knowledge and behaviour(King, 2017). Mindfulness and leadership behaviour With the help of structural equation modelling, the authors concluded that leadership self-mastery and leadership organizational-transformation is related to mindfulness. Glomb et al. described benefits of mindfulness in leadership behaviour. He defined some processes and argued that mindfulness is linked to self-regulation by these processes. Few examples of these processes are: Reduced automatic thinking Increased awareness of physical experiences Decoupling of ego to events Mindfulness enhances self-leadership with the help of self-regulation along with emotional intelligence and self-reflection. Mindfulness enhances leadership because mindfulness generates awareness of current information and gives a perception to support real-time decisions. It also enhances psychological well-being and resilience and gives presence to interpersonal relationships(Brown, 2003). Apart from this, mindfulness also reduces stress and hence the brain becomes creative. Hence, mindfulness impacts the leadership behaviour in positive manner(Malinowski, 2015). On basis of this relation between mindfulness and leadership, the authors discovered few hypotheses, Hypothesis 1: Mindfulness will be related to leadership self-mastery. Hypothesis 2: Mindfulness will be related to leadership organizational-transformation. Hypothesis 3: Leadership self-mastery will mediate the influence of mindfulness on leadership organizational-transformation. Hypothesis 4: Organisational tenure duration and role tenure duration influences mindfulness on leadership self-mastery. Hypothesis 5: Organisational tenure duration and role tenure duration also influences mindfulness on leadership organizational-transformation. Organisational implications According to the authors, the organizations choose senior managers because they perform well and hence provide maximum benefits to the organizations. These senior managers provide mindfulness trainings to other employees and enhance leader development. Laloux says that the mindfulness training can be given through an ethical business philosophy. Organizations conduct the mindfulness training and development programs and works with the practitioners, coaches and mindfulness scholars. Before implementing this training and development programs the organizations also seek the current existing programs. The goals of few of the existing programs are to reduce stress and decrease depression at work(Weick, 2006). Few organizations are having mindfulness programs like the Search Inside Yourself program at Google and Finding Space To Lead program at General Mills. These programs comprises of tasks which affects the management and leadership skills in a positive manner. Some authors also argue that it is difficult to put mindfulness programs into practice. References Brown, K. Ryan, R. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.84, no.4, pp.822-848. Malinowski, P. Lim, H. (2015). Mindfulness at Work: Positive Affect, Hope, and Optimism Mediate the Relationship Between Dispositional Mindfulness, Work Engagement, and Well-Being.Mindfulness, vol.6, no.6, pp.1250-1262. King, E. Haar, J. (2017). Mindfulness and job performance: a study of Australian leaders.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol. 55, no.3, pp.298-319. Weick, K. Sutcliffe, K. (2006). Mindfulness and the Quality of Organizational Attention.Organization Science, vol. 17, no.4, pp.514-524.

Private Equity in Southeast Asia Region Essay Example

Private Equity in Southeast Asia Region Essay As many investors and finance people know, the United States has been the biggest laying field for PEE firms since 1980 as it is a developed market with mature structure and clear regulations. However, due to competition and limited resources in the United States, investors and PEE firms have a growing need for a new market to grow and expand their business. One of these new, emerging markets for PEE is the Southeast Asia region. This Southeast Asia region is characteristic of developing countries that are rich with natural resources. Most of the countries in this region of Southeast Asia have a lot in common including; they are developing countries, they re rich with natural resources and they all have a big market in terms of population. One of the exceptions in this region is Singapore as it is considered a developed country, especially in the finance sector. Southeast Asia is very lucrative in the sense that it offers a lot of opportunities for investors, including PEE investors and firms, however, in order to realize the revenues and returns of these opportunities these firms would need more knowledge on how to deal with the challenges in this new emerging market. Private Equity in Southeast Asia The emergence of Private Equity (PEE) markets outside the United States and Europe as significantly broadened the scope of portfolio diversification. We will write a custom essay sample on Private Equity in Southeast Asia Region specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Private Equity in Southeast Asia Region specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Private Equity in Southeast Asia Region specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also, due to the growing importance of PEE in nontraditional markets, the need for investors to broaden their knowledge has increased significantly as knowledge is the key in regards to international investing as a whole. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to provide relevant information about PEE market in the Southeast Asia as well as provide recommendations on how to deal with the challenges. Market Typology With the exception of Singapore, most companies in the Southeast Asia region are developing countries and are therefore referred to as an emerging market. Table 1 describes the market typology of PEE market based on four market types. Table 1 Market Typology Mature Markets Non-traditional markets in advance economies Emerging markets Frontier markets Economic structure Sophisticated Sophisticated Relatively developed Early stage of economic/financial development Economic stability High High Track record is being establish Track record still short Size of the economy and growth Large/high level of prosperity Varies Varies with high growth prospect Small size, lower level growth Debt markets Highly liquid Liquid Emerging Still embryonic Exit markets Developed public equity markets with high market capitalization Developed public equity markets with significant market capitalization Relatively developed public equity markets with sufficient market capitalization Underdeveloped Global PEE firms Investing Investing Investing Very limited, if any investment Domestic PEE industry Developed Emerging Emerging Rudimentary PEE exits Considerable history Track record being established Visible exits already occurred Very limited Key markets United States, ELI-1 5, Switzerland Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore Brazil, China, India, Russia, South Korea, Slovenia, South Africa, Southeast Asia countries: Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines Bulgaria, Colombia, Pakistan, Astrakhan, Tunisia, Ukraine Source: Cornelius (2011). The term emerging markets has been widely adopted by international investors to refer to all developing countries. Specifically, Emerging PEE markets refers to those where an indigenous PEE industry is already developing and visible exits have begun to attract a growing amount of interest among international investors. Southeast Asian Private Equity market In general, PEE investment is growing in Asia entirely. According to Perrine, PEE funds share of investments in Asia has grown from a mere 2. 6% in 2006 to 10. 6% in 2012, due to PEE funds investing a total of SIS$27. 8 billion in Asia (Figure 1). Although some of this increase in share can be attributed to the decline in PEE investment in North America and Europe as a result of the financial crisis, the PEE investment in Asia continued to grow at an average annual rate of 8% from 2006 through 2012. In fact, trends show that Asia was the only region in which PEE investment grew over this timeshare. Figure 1 Global PEE Investments by Region (Left) and Trend in Asia for P Deals Source: Pretentiousness Asia has continued to become increasingly attractive as a P destination over the years. According to an investor survey conducted by Ernst Young that involved both general and limited partners, 36% of the respondents believe that PEE investment in Southeast Asia will in fact increase. The survey results from 2012 to 2014 (figure 2) shows an increase in PEE investors confidence level AIBO Southeast Asia Market in comparison to China. Figure 2 PEE Investors Survey: Which geography will see the most PEE activity in the next 12 months? Source: Ernst Young Based on Perrine data, the Southeast Asian PEE Investment reached the highest peak I terms of both investment value and number of deals in 2007, right before the financial crisis. There was a slowdown during the crisis but the markets start to bounce back in 2012. Figure 3 below shows the PEE Investments in major Southeast Asian countries. In Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, the PEE Investments started to increase in 2012 after the financial crisis. While the PEE Investments in Singapore, Vietnam, and Philippines in 2012 started to recover after the crisis. Figure 3 PEE Investments in Southeast Asia Countries Source: Predisposed on Boston Consulting Groups (BCC) report, from 2005 through 2010, Southeast Asia accounted for about 18 percent, by value, of PEE deals in Asia. In 2010, the value of the regions deals was about one-fourth of Chinas and 30% of Indians. Deal sizes and volumes vary significantly by country: Singapore has historically led in the number and size of deals, while Thailand and Vietnam have small and relatively underdeveloped PEE markets and have therefore lagged. Indonesia is extremely active indeed, the largest PIP in the history of the Indonesian stock market was a private-to-public deal. On the other hand, trend shows that Malaysia has delivered mix results. Overall, with a host of new players entering the region, Southeast Saiss share of Saiss deal pool looks set to continue to increase. The growing interest from investors and the recovery of PEE markets in Southeast Asia from the crisis is as a result of several growth-driving factors including: Macroeconomics growth According to Pain Company data, the total GAP in Southeast Asia in 2011 was SIS$2 trillion, accounting for 4. 2 percent of the world total GAP and is expected to row at 4. To 7. 9 percent compound annual growth rate from 2011 to 2016. Natural resources The Southeast Asia region has lots of natural resources such as oil and gas, mineral, marine resources, fertile-land for plantations, palm oil, agro commodities, and many more. These natural resources can stimulate growth opportunities for companies who operate in the region that will lead to signifi cant returns in their investments. Demographic Southeast Asia was home to a mostly young and dynamic population of nearly 600 million in 2011 and this population is projected to grow at 10. Percent compound annual growth rate from 2011 through 2016. With this type of demographic, Southeast Asia offers a big market for consumption especially in its lower to middle class population. In addition to creating a large consumer market, Southeast Asia demographic also provides human resources for companies to support their business in this region with relatively lower costs compared to other regions or countries. Economic Liberalizing Economic reform has spread across the region with democracy in politics and law enforcement significantly improving. Restrictions on foreign investments and winnowers have been relaxed, and some governments are actively developing the PEE sector. At the same time, the connection between countries in Southeast Asia is strengthening to create rationalization and intraregional trades. Capital market Another driving factor is that the capital markets in Southeast Asia are generally underdeveloped and predominantly revolve around indirect finances. In other words, access to traditional capital markets is generally difficult however not for large companies and therefore PEE funds will emerge as a source of growth capital for rowing companies in need of financing. China and India Slowing Economic Growth This is an external factor that creates opportunity for Southeast Asia to grow the PEE markets. Many investors shift their focus to Southeast Asia due to economic slowdown in the two biggest markets in Asia, China and India. Besides economic slowdown, PEE firms reportedly encountered challenges in these two countries. The main challenge in both countries is difficulty exiting investment or selling the portfolio companies. Ipso in China and India are currently inhibited by the regulatory body and market environments. Beside PIP, the strategic selling also faces a problem because of the difficulty of negotiating attractive sales price with potential buyers, particularly in India in the wake of economic slowdown and currency depreciation. All the opportunities and driving factors create optimism for the investors including PEE investors. Result from a Joint survey conducted by Pain Company and the Singapore Venture Capital PEE Association (SVGA), showed clear signs of optimism about the regions prospects, which could have marked 2012 as the start of Southeast Saiss time to shine. Respondents looked for deal activity to increase substantially, especially in consumer, healthcare, and energy sectors. PEE firms that are active in the region reported that they would boost their investments in Southeast Asia, with some 40% of respondents planning to invest more than SIS$1 50 million in 2012, compared with Just 20% in 2011 (see figure 4). Figure 4 Survey Result Growing Optimism for PEE Markets in Southeast Asia One of the negative effects coming from those opportunities is the growing competition for PEE investments deals. Such competition has led to concerns about oaring valuations that make most of the acquisition prices in Southeast Asia rise since 2012. The main cause of this problem is the limited number of good portfolio companies. Most of the PEE firms focused their deals on consumer-related sectors such as food, beverages, healthcare, media and telecommunication, and energy. It is understandable since these sectors are the one that have the best growth and return opportunity due to consumer market growth (huge and young population) in Southeast Asia. Moreover, Southeast Asian countries still possess some classical robbers that can be considered as the major risks for PEE firms to invest in Southeast Asia. These risks include: Economic risk Economic conditions in most countries in South Asia, including Singapore are facing some macroeconomic risks, such as inflation, currency exchange fluctuation, and the dependency of foreign investment. All these risks can cause instability to the economic condition. According to Cornelius (201 1), between the time span of 1993 and 1999, many PEE firms failed to meet investors return expectation due to the currency exchange rate changes. Inflation is another big problem in Southeast Asia, inflation can suddenly spike because of the sharply higher commodity prices thus leading to a considerable increase in the general price level. According to Cornelius, in emerging markets, including Southeast Asia, average consumer inflation surged to 9. 2 percent in 2008 from 5. 6 percent in 2006. The inflation rates can have a big impact on real investment returns. Political risk Political instability has been identical with the Southeast Asia region for decades. Political instability causes investment uncertainty and could potentially result in a monumentally different investment regime. Governments in Southeast Asian countries still have a big role in business and economics. They control the business by imposing several regulations that can change from time to time creating uncertainty in business. Moreover, every time there is a change of government, the policy will be changed and can sometimes harm the investments that have already been made. Unanticipated changes in regulations have substantial return implications through their impact on production costs, market prices, and the repatriations of profits. Governance risk Except for Singapore, all the countries in Southeast Asia hold governance problem, especially corruption and law enforcement. Law enforcement is very important for investors in relation with the protection of investors rights in case of disputes. There is an absence of well-functioning and predictable legal institutions in most countries that can give a negative effect for business and legal assurance. Of all the risks we consider in this section, corruption perhaps the most evil one. Corruption has many dimensions, including tax bribery, procurement bribery, and Judiciary bribery. Corruption has flourished in previous years within the Southeast Asia region due to complex bureaucratic regimes. This risk can severely distort policy dimensions in all areas imposing huge macroeconomic costs. Conclusion and Recommendation 2014 will continue to be a competitive year for PEE investors in Southeast Asia. Pain ; Company stresses that with more PEE firms turning their focus to the region and cash rich corporate on the prowl for acquisitions, valuations in 2014 are expected to remain at lofty levels. Respondents polled by the research outfit pointed o a scarcity of high quality target companies as one of the most pressing challenges. Macroeconomics volatility, political instability, and corporate governance are still the major threats in Southeast Asia. But with all the opportunities going forward, Southeast Asia will become the deal making hotshots, drawing an influx of PEE firms from the United States and Europe. However to get all the benefits that Southeast Asia offered and to get the best investment returns, PEE firms should be able to overcome the risks and challenges that exist in the region. Some of the strategies and commendations are: Choose a focused Model An investing model focused on a specific industry sector or on Just one or two countries will maximize the chances of sourcing and converting the right deals. For example, targeting consumer sectors, since this sector offers a robust growth due to increases in middle-class populations and growing consumption. The biggest beneficiary country of consumption growth driven by growth in the middle class is Indonesia, the most populous country in Southeast Asia, with a population of over 240 million. Enhanced due diligence and deal-execution process Allow plenty of time for due diligence process, especially when creating market scenarios and mapping industry structures and value chains. PEE firms that excel in converting more acquisitions into winners and avoiding losers use probing due diligence process to dig deeper into a potential targets operations before they commit to an investment. Superior due diligence is very critical in Southeast Asia where information often less transparent and reliable sources of date are hard to find. A good due diligence can also reduce the negative effect from uncertainty in economic and political condition. Proprietary sourcing and smart partnership To find the best companies quickly and avoid overpaying, fund managers need to forge alliances and have people on the ground that can spot opportunities before competitors do. To be able to do that, PEE firms should reinforce local connections and consider partnerships with conglomerates or family groups seeking to institutionalize their investment capabilities. Other potential partners include local PEE funds as well as local banks, government-linked organizations, and state-owned wealth funds. They can facilitate access and help build up a steady deal flow. PEE firms should consider

To Determination the Partition Coefficient of Ethanoic Acid Between Water and Butan-2-Ol Essays

To Determination the Partition Coefficient of Ethanoic Acid Between Water and Butan-2-Ol Essays To Determination the Partition Coefficient of Ethanoic Acid Between Water and Butan-2-Ol Paper To Determination the Partition Coefficient of Ethanoic Acid Between Water and Butan-2-Ol Paper To determination the partition coefficient of ethanoic acid between water and butan-2-ol. Procedure 1. The room temperature was recorded. 2. 15cm3 of the given aqueous ethanoic acid and 15cm3 of butan-2-ol were poured into a 100cm3 separating funnel, using suitable apparatus. The funnel was stoppered and was shook vigorously for 1 to 2 minutes. (The pressure in the funnel was released by occasionally opening the tap. ) 3. 10cm3 of each layer was separated approximately. (The fraction near the junction of the two layers was discarded. ) 4. 10. cm3 of the aqueous layer was pipetted into a conical flask and was titrated with 0. 1 M sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein. 5. Using another pipette, 10. 0 cm3 of the alcohol layer was delivered into a conical flask and was titrated with 0. 1 M sodium hydroxide solution. 6. Steps (2) to (5) was repeated with another separating funnel using the following volume: 25cm3 of aqueous ethanoic acid and 15cm3 of buta n-2-ol 7. For each experiment, the ratio of the concentration of ethanoic acid in the aqueous layer to that in the butan-2-ol layer was calculated. Result Room temperature: 29? Volume of butan-2-ol: 15 cm3 |Volume of 0. 2M ethanoic acid / |Volume of 0. 1M NaOH titre for |Volume of 0. 1M NaOH titre for|Partition coefficient | |cm3 |aqueous layer / cm3 |alcohol layer / cm3 |K= | |15 |10. 00 |12. 55 |0. 796 | |25 |12. 10 |15. 60 |0. 76 | Conclusion The partition coefficient of ethanoic acid between water and butan-2-ol is : = =0. 786 Discussion 1. Shaking is necessary in step (2) because it made it faster to attain equilibrium state. 2. When temperature increases, the solubility of the two solvents increase. But the rate of the increase in solubility are not the same, it is expected that the partition coefficient varies with temperature. 3. The aim of titration is to find the concentration of the solvent, but not the total number of mole in the solvent. Therefore, the volumes of the aqueous and alcohol solution used in the titration must be known as accurately as possible in order to find accurately concentration. The aim of adding aqueous ethanoic acid and 2-methypropan-1-ol is only to leave the mixture to equilibrium and provide enough solvent for the titration. Therefore the amounts of aqueous ethanoic acid and 2-methypropan-1-ol need not be measured out accurately. 4. The following assumptions are made: a) The temperature of the mixture remained constant throughout the experiment. This assumption was valid as it was felt (by hand) that the temperature of the separating funnel did not changed throughout the experiment. b) Ethanoic acid, water and butan-2-ol are non-volatile and do not evaporate slowly. This assumption is not valid because there is a smell of alcohol over the separating funnel. That means that there are particles coming out from the mixture in the separating funnel. 5. Solvent extraction is more efficient if the extraction solvent is added in small portions several times instead of all at once. Therefore it is more fficient to extract a solute with two 25cm3 portions of solvent rather than with a single 50cm3 extraction. 6. The applications of the partition law: a) By partition law, the KD can be found experimentally. The amount of the solute that can be extracted using solvent extraction can be predicted, instead of using other complex method. b) By partition law, we know that the amount of solute extracted is more when the extracting solvent is added in several small portions instead of all at once. 7. Butan-2-ol is much lighter than water. Therefore butan-2-ol is at the top of the mixture while water is at the bottom.

How do you envision the city of the future Essay

How do you envision the city of the future - Essay Example According to Terry Kirby (2011), â€Å"almost three quarters of the world’s population will live in large metropolises by 2050†. Therefore, what architects will be considering in designing buildings is more space that will accommodate large populations which would still make people feel free to move around. Consequently, cities will be having more high-rise buildings to maximize land areas. As Jason Bennetto (2011) suggests, the city will be designed by first analyzing how the place functions and how the people relate with each other. Through computer modeling the city could be designed to perfectly create not only the necessary buildings but also the spaces between them for better accessibility. Thus, it could be said that the future city will have many tall buildings which are arranged systematically for the ease and comfort of humans. Within the buildings, many spaces will also be created. Today’s architectural designs portray what might be adopted for future use in order to maximize the use of spaces. For instance, apartments for families perhaps will not be as wide as modern apartments but they will still be as comfortable and spacious for the whole family. This could be achieved by using a space for many purposes. For example, a space can be used as a reception area during the day and a study place in the evening which could also be turned into a bedroom when necessary. This could be achieved through the use of beds which could be folded to turn into chairs and tables and which could also be tucked away to create more space. Another likely innovation for the future city is one suggested by Dr. Rachel Armstrong, a lecturer at the University of Greenwich who specializes in innovative building materials. She suggests the use of â€Å"smart surfaces† which could be used for two or more purposes (Bennetto, 2011). This is similar to the illustration of interior designing mentioned above.

Engineering managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineering managment - Essay Example It also facilitates growth of the company’s telecommunication and financial services. Moreover, data mining has improved in Luscombe’s period and customers’ buying habits are better examined to customize the organizational policies according to them. There has occurred a general improvement in the standards of the store. Weaknesses: In the 8 year reign in which Corbett served as the CEO of Woolworths and his policies resulted into the increase in the returns of shareholders by 300 per cent. On the contrary, the policies implemented by Luscombe since 2006 have increased the return of shareholders by no more than 40 per cent in the whole 5 years. Thus, the competition is between 8 years and 5 years of governance, and 300 per cent and 40 per cent of increase on the return. This clearly speaks of the fact that the strategies implemented by Corbett as a CEO were more conducive for the increase in shareholders’ return as compared to those of Luscombe. Although t he organization has overall remained in profitability in Luscombe’s period, yet much of this can be attributed to the long term effects of the rational policies of Corbett instead of the policies adopted by Luscombe. Opportunities: Woolworths has conventionally managed to attract a large volume of talented young candidates for employment. Woolworths provides its workforce with training over a vast range of disciplines in order to improve their competence and inculcate sound management skills in them. It is the very training that is one of the cardinal reasons of success of Luscombe in his management of the company. Luscombe has served in Woolworths for 28 years, in which he received training and polished his skills on various levels as a manager. On job training is one of the most attracting characteristics of an organizational culture for the employees because they avail it as an opportunity to enhance their skills and become an asset for the organization. Having received th e training, they feel their skills improved, which offers them a feeling of assurance that their job is secure. They know they are better positioned to fulfill the needs of a particular business and hence, have both job satisfaction and job security. Threats: Corbett had maintained a culture in which all employees made their best effort to enhance the company’s profits and reduce the costs. However, Luscombe does not approve of the fact that employees work for as many as 12 hrs and sometimes even more than that. He thinks that the staff is putting in unnecessary effort to make the business profitable. Luscombe needs to realize that it is the same work pattern that had increased the return on shareholders’ investment by 300 per cent and that had doubled the revenues to $ 36 billion. The rate of increase in the return of shareholders’ investment has already decreased more than 3 times what it was in Corbett’s period. The current strategy of Woolworths: Curr ently, Luscombe is the CEO of the company. Luscombe is a very open and easily approachable kind of CEO. He has maintained very open relations with the senior management as well as the staff of the company. His attitude with the company staff is quite friendly, and he encourages team work. During his reign, all of the personnel of the company have united as a strong team. The staff is making all efforts to comply with the instructions of Luscombe. Their compliance has recently caused the

The Reasons for the Popularity of Plastic Surgery in Recent Years Essay Example for Free

The Reasons for the Popularity of Plastic Surgery in Recent Years Essay Outline: a. Children Should /Should Not Be Left Fortunes Nowadays, whether children should be left fortunes has been a controversial issue. As far as I am concerned, children should not be left fortunes for the following reasons. First of all, children may be extravagant with the money that is left to them. Secondly, children were too small to have a right value of money. Finally, children can really experience life from pressure. All in all, it’s more wise that children should not be left fortunes, which may make children really experience all aspects of life. b. Books or Films should be censored As our society become increasingly complicated, books and films also have been affected in their contents. Because of the existence of some harmful information, books or films should be censored. In the first place, people in reality will be affected in their conducts by the violence in books and films. Besides, censorship is a necessary step to protect children from those harmful things. In addition, censorship also do good to our society. To sum up, many people will benefit from censorship. Therefore, books or films should be censored. c. People’s Worth Is Shown in the Reward they Earn Different people vary in the points of view on people’s worth. For me, people’s worth isn’t only shown in the reward they earn. First, there is no doubt that the reward they earn is a part of their worth. Besides, what they have made to contribute to society is the important part to show their worth. All in all, people’s worth is shown not only in the reward they earn but also in the contribution they make to our society. d. Opportunity and Resolution Is the Key to Success As we all know, success depends on various factors. Among them, I think opportunity and resolution is the key to success. First at start, opportunity can lead you to success because opportunity always waits for people who have prepared well. Then resolution will promote you to put into practice, which can make you become closer to success. In a word, although there are many other factors would affect success, opportunity and resolution still is the key to success. e. Yuanming Yuan (the Round Bright Garden)Should or Should Not Be Restored Yuanming Yuan, as our great historical relics, has been destroyed many years ago. I strongly hold that it should be restored. First, it should be restored in order to remember the humiliation we have suffered. Second, we should educate our descents though this. What’s the most important, it’s the great masterpieces of our ancestors and bears our cultural relieves. All in all, we should definitely rebuild our Yuanming Yuan. f. Clothes Make a Man or Cosmetics Make a Woman People are not always perfect. But to some extent, clothes make a man or cosmetics make a woman. First, people can cover their weaks through proper clothing and make-up. Then what they wear and look like can embody their inside. In a word, appropriate clothing and make- up make people. Composition: g. In recent years, plastic surgery has been very fashionable, especially among young people. They think it is important for their sense of self-confidence regarding their appearance, or in getting a job. What is your opinion about plastic surgery? Please write an essay on the following topic. The Reasons for the Popularity of Plastic Surgery in Recent Years In recent years, plastic surgery has become very popular especially among young people. The motive of people who accept plastic surgery varied. But in my opinion, there are two main reasons for the popularity of plastic surgery in recent years. In the first place, it can enhance their sense of self-confidence regarding their appearance. Because we all know that people who will do plastic surgery are often not satisfied with their own appearances. The effect of plastic surgery cannot be underestimated, which would really improve one’s thought to their appearance. A good appearance will make people feel confident to everything. Besides, plastic surgery can help in getting a job. In such a crucial society, a good appearance can help in some kind of work. Although we thought it is unfair, this phenomenon still exist in our society. We can’t deny it but to enhance ourselves. From what have been listed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that plastic surgery really dose help in many aspects. But I hold that beauty is only skin-deep, and we should try our best to become a competent and well-trained person.

Venturi house vs the Villa Mairea Essay -- Essays Papers

Venturi house vs the Villa Mairea Comparing the Venturi house vs. the Villa Mairea’s relationship to Orthodox Modernism, both Aalto and Venturi rejected the perceived sterility of Orthodox Modern buildings. This rejection led to the development of Post-Modernism in architecture. Both of these architects believed that Orthodox Modernist ultimately produced designs consisting of glass or white boxes and a desensitization for the human scale and form. The idea of Modernism, that form follows function, is defied by Venturi. He asserts that the form should be separate from both the function and the structural facts. He felt that decorative and symbolic forms should both play a part in the structural core of a building. Venturi built a home for his mother Vanna Venturi in 1963. The Venturi home is located in Chestnut Hill, PA. Venturi based the plan on a symbolic conception instead of on spatial abstraction, which he considered to be an aspect of Orthodox Modernism1. This design for his mother had a sloped roof, with the chimney becoming the center of the house. It rises up out of the roof and seems to split the house in two. It has a deliberate deadpan character. But this apparent blandness, hides the many internal complexities and contradictions of the home. This is a house that uses big and small, inside and out to counterbalance the complexity2. Complexity in combination with big scale in a small buildings achieves an appropriate architectural tension. The...

Esther and Book of Job Comparison Essay

In one of the assigned readings, I came across story of a Jewish woman named Esther who had suffered from cancer. The uniqueness of her journey touched me incredibly when I learned about her own personal struggle with the disease. It is an amazing but sad story in the sense that Esther copes with her cancer in a shame related way, believing that she is suffering from her sins. Esther is unhappily married and ends up having an affair with her boss, and she perceives cancer as a punishment from God for her sin. As told in the story written by Dr, Jerome Groopman in book the â€Å"The Anatomy of Hope†, Esther waits quite a long time before seeking treatment, and her tumor is very large before she decides to receive medical attention. The author of the books shares his own experience as a resident in the hospital, getting into depth about her family issues, problems, and reactions to her illness. Esher’s character can be compared with similar reading from the bible called â€Å"Book of Job† in that both characters believe to be suffering by the hand of Satan, although this is not true in reality. In this particular reading, Satan comes to accuse wealthy Job before God. He insists that Job only serves God because God protects him, and Satan seeks God’s permission to test Job’s faith and loyalty. In Satan’s test, Job loses his wealth, family and health. Three of his friends come to try to comfort him and keep telling him that his tragedy is a punishment for past sins in his life. At this point, I was able to notice similarities to Esther’s experience in that she saw cancer as punishment for her infidelity. In the old testament of the Bible, Job’s friends tell him that he needs to remain humble and allow God to purify his life. Like Job, Esther is torn between believing in God’s punishment and willing to bet better. At first, she seeks the treatment way too late, but at least she does. She shares her secret with Dr. Groopman within a health venting session, also part of the healing process, and at this part we get to know Esther as a person not just as patient. Furthermore, after the dinner at Esther’s house and the significance of her husband’s prayer, Esther feels so guilty that she never follows up with her appointment and stops the rest of the treatment. Like Job, Esther is torn apart by her belief that she should suffer and often loses the will to place faith in God and hope for better health. The story of Esther ends tragically due to Esther’s unyielding feelings of guilt. She lost the battle with cancer and died after receiving treatment in the most advanced stage of the disease. On the other side, in the Bible, Job questions God and learns the valuable lesson about the sovereignty of God and his need to trust in Lord. After Job places trust in God, his prosperity and health returns. Here is where Esther and Job differ. While Job regains his faith and his prosperity, Esther is continually haunted by shame and consequently loses her health. I think that God’s desire was to purify Esther, and that could be reason behind her disease, but Esther not seeking treatment was her own negative way of coping with the sin. Esther did not believe in God’s will, for her to be purified, and she suffered until her death. In my opinion, Esther was so focused on the idea of punishment that she missed the whole point of purifying her soul. I think of God as the greatest, and it is hard for me to believe that our Lord would want Esther to suffer without the treatment. Job in the bible submitted himself to God and regained his lost goods, but Esther did what she believed was right but she ended up dying at the end. Esther did not want to receive chemotherapy thinking she did not deserve it, and her mind was full of doubt. Both characters achieved purity at the end, but Esther’s was not aware of it. She allowed punishment and suffering to continue. The lesson from the bible is that we need to trust and obey God. Some things cannot be thoroughly explained in human terms, but we still need to always submit to His good will.

Courting Disaster How The Supreme Court Is Usurping...

Abstract In the book Courting Disaster: How the Supreme Court is Usurping the Power of Congress and the People, it sets out to identify how our government has changed and how these changes affect us and our laws. Pat Robertson wants the people to see how the Supreme Court is abusing power. Robertson shows how the federal judges are not only abusing their power but reaching beyond the power they are given. Thomas Jefferson once cautioned that, â€Å"to consider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions† are â€Å"a very dangerous doctrine indeed† and â€Å"one that would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy† (Robertson, Courting disaster: How the supreme court is usurping the power of Congress and the people, 2004).†¦show more content†¦He founded The 700 Club, â€Å"Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), CBN News, the Christian Coalition, and more.† (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2013) (Robertson, M.G. Pat Robertson, 2014) . Robertson believes that the Supreme Court is taking the power away from the people and from Congress and is taking matters into their own hands. Robertson wrote this book in three parts which are a crisis of confidence, an out-of-control court and a prescription for change.† Judges must have experience in jurisprudence, be ethical, above distrust, prudent in their personal behavior, highly disciplined, and guardians of the common good.† The selection act clearly falls into the same appointing of judges, by Moses in the biblical book of Deuteronomy 1:9-18 (NLT). Robertson wants the American people to see the truth. He wants the people to see how the government use to be and how it has evolved to the present day. He sets out to answer such questions as, is the government and the Supreme Court abusing their powers and causing chaos within our system? This book is a real in depth look into our government and sets out to uncover the truth behind it all. This book offers a good view of the history of the Supreme Court as well. The research used for Robertson’s book is concise and accurate. Some of the cases that are discussed as examples are appropriately worked into the text. There are several key things that Robertson made sure to hit on, the highest of them being to